Medical Student Finals Question Bank

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation in the joints, leading to pain and stiffness, especially in the morning. Elevated ESR is a common laboratory finding in patients with RA.

The patient's low serum sodium level, low serum osmolality, and decreased blood pressure are consistent with hyponatremia. The examination findings are consistent with hypovolaemia, which goes against SIADH, hypothyroidism and cirrhosis. The high urine osmolality suggests that the patient is maximally concentrating their urine, which is consistent with cerebral salt wasting. Diabetes insipidus produces hypernatremia.

t-test is a statistical test used to compare the means of two groups, either independent or paired. It's used to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of two groups.

Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder characterized by symptoms such as hearing voices, experiencing hallucinations, and feeling paranoid.

The combination of persistent cough, shortness of breath, diffuse infiltrates on chest X-ray, and a positive ANCA are indicative of Wegener's granulomatosis, a form of vasculitis that affects the lung and the upper respiratory tract.

The patient's symptoms, chest X-ray findings and the bronchoscopy findings are consistent with sarcoidosis, a disease characterized by the presence of non-caseating granulomas in various organs. Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection that commonly affects the lungs, Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs, Lung Cancer is a malignant tumour that can grow in the lung tissue, Asbestosis is a lung disease caused by inhaling asbestos fibres.

Hyperthyroidism is characterized by low TSH and high FT4 and FT3 levels. The low thyroglobulin levels, which should be elevated in hyperthyroidism, suggest that the patient is taking exogenous thyroxine.

The ulnar nerve is responsible for innervating the muscles of the hand and providing sensation to the little finger and ring finger. Numbness and tingling in the little finger and ring finger is most likely caused by a lesion or injury to the ulnar nerve.

Membranous nephropathy is characterized by the presence of immune complexes within the glomeruli, which results in thickening of the basement membrane and inflammation.

Papillary thyroid cancer is the most common subtype of thyroid cancer. BRAF and RET/PTC oncogenes are the two most common abnormalities associated with this condition.

The patient's symptoms of right-sided abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting, along with the physical examination findings of right upper quadrant tenderness and a positive Murphy's sign are consistent with a diagnosis of cholecystitis.

An ejection systolic murmur is the most common sign of aortic stenosis on physical examination. The murmur is heard best at the right upper sternal border and is caused by turbulent blood flow through the narrowed aortic valve.

The examination findings of a pansystolic murmur heard best at the apex are consistent with mitral regurgitation.

The patient's symptoms, physical examination findings, and imaging findings are consistent with interstitial lung disease, specifically pulmonary fibrosis. The diffuse hazy opacities on chest x-ray and the diffuse ground glass opacities on CT scan are characteristic of interstitial lung disease. The patient's history of smoking and the presence of clubbing and cyanosis further support this diagnosis.

A population is the entire group of individuals or objects of interest in a study, while a sample is a smaller group of individuals or objects selected from that population to represent the population as a whole.