Medical Student Finals Question Bank

An ejection systolic murmur is the most common sign of aortic stenosis on physical examination. The murmur is heard best at the right upper sternal border and is caused by turbulent blood flow through the narrowed aortic valve.

Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder characterized by symptoms such as hearing voices, experiencing hallucinations, and feeling paranoid.

As the patient has a history of asthma, the most appropriate initial management would be a calcium channel blocker (adenosine contraindicated). The patient is haemodynamically stable, so DC cardioversion is not currently indicated.

The patient's symptoms of fever, rash, and joint pain, as well as the positive results for ANA and anti-dsDNA antibodies are indicative of SLE.

Alcohol abuse is the most common cause of chronic pancreatitis, accounting for about 80% of cases. Gallstones and hereditary genetic mutations are also causes, but less common.

t-test is a statistical test used to compare the means of two groups, either independent or paired. It's used to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of two groups.

The patient's euvolemic state, low serum osmolality, and normal serum uric acid suggest that her hyponatremia is likely due to the inappropriate release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in SIADH. Heart failure, cirrhosis and nephrotic syndrome are associated with hypervolemia, while adrenal insufficiency would produce hypovolaemia.

Ejection systolic murmurs are heard during systole and are caused by a narrowed aortic valve. They are usually heard best at the right upper sternal border and can radiate to the carotid artery.

The patient's euvolemic state and low urine osmolality suggest that her hyponatremia is likely due to excessive water intake (polydipsia) and dilutional effect of psychogenic polydipsia. Cirrhosis and nephrotic syndrome are associated with hypervolemia, while adrenal insufficiency would produce hypovolaemia. SIADH would produce urine with high osmolality.

Generalized anxiety disorder is a condition characterized by excessive worry and anxiety, difficulty sleeping, muscle tension, and difficulty concentrating. These symptoms are interfering with her daily activities.

The patient's low serum sodium level, low serum osmolality, and decreased blood pressure are consistent with hyponatremia. The examination findings are consistent with hypovolaemia, which goes against SIADH, hypothyroidism and cirrhosis. The high urine osmolality suggests that the patient is maximally concentrating their urine, which is consistent with cerebral salt wasting. Diabetes insipidus produces hypernatremia.

The patient's symptoms, physical examination findings, and imaging findings are consistent with interstitial lung disease, specifically pulmonary fibrosis. The diffuse hazy opacities on chest x-ray and the diffuse ground glass opacities on CT scan are characteristic of interstitial lung disease. The patient's history of smoking and the presence of clubbing and cyanosis further support this diagnosis.

Parkinson's disease is a chronic progressive disorder characterized by symptoms such as stiffness, slowness of movement, and tremors. Difficulty with balance and coordination are also common symptoms.

Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, caused by a bacterial or viral infection. It can cause symptoms such as sudden onset of severe headache, neck stiffness, photophobia, and nausea.

The patient has heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and is not responding to optimal medical management. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is a management option for patients with heart failure and a wide QRS complex on ECG. CRT uses a biventricular pacemaker to synchronize the contraction of the left and right ventricles, which can improve ejection fraction and reduce symptoms of heart failure.