Medical Student Finals Question Bank

Relative risk is a measure of the association between an exposure (smoking) and an outcome (lung cancer). It is calculated by dividing the incidence of the outcome in the exposed group (smokers) by the incidence in the unexposed group (non-smokers). In this case, the relative risk is 20 / 5 = 4, which means that smokers have a 4 times higher risk of developing lung cancer compared to non-smokers.

A chi-squared test is used to assess the correlation of non-parametric data.

The patient's symptoms of chest pain and shortness of breath, as well as the ST elevation seen in leads V1-V4 on the ECG, and elevated cardiac enzymes (troponin) are indicative of an anterior ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

The deltoid muscle is responsible for shoulder abduction and is innervated by the axillary nerve. Damage to the axillary nerve can cause weakness in shoulder abduction.

The combination of persistent cough, shortness of breath, diffuse infiltrates on chest X-ray, and a positive ANCA are indicative of Wegener's granulomatosis, a form of vasculitis that affects the lung and the upper respiratory tract.

Grave's disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, leading to a diffuse, nontender goiter and symptoms such as heat intolerance, tremors, and weight loss. The laboratory findings of low TSH and high free T4 and free T3 levels are consistent with hyperthyroidism, which is a common presentation of Grave's disease.

Papillary thyroid cancer is the most common type of thyroid cancer, accounting for around 80% of cases.

Damage or irritation of C6 root can cause numbness and tingling in the thumb and index finger.

Asthma exacerbation is characterized by bronchospasm and bronchoconstriction which can cause shortness of breath, cough, and chest tightness. The most appropriate first-line therapy for this patient's asthma exacerbation would be bronchodilators which provide quick relief of symptoms by relaxing the bronchial smooth muscle.

The ECG shows sinus tachycardia and ST elevation in leads V2-V4, with reciprocal ST depression in leads I and aVL, which is consistent with an anterior myocardial infarction. Posterior myocardial infarction would show ST depression in leads V1-V3.

Early diastolic are caused by aortic regurgitation.

This patient presents with acute decompensated heart failure and needs prompt therapy to remove the excess fluid and improve symptoms. Furosemide is a potent loop diuretic that can rapidly remove fluid and reduce symptoms. GTN and oxygen can also be used to reduce preload and improve dyspnoea, but diuretics should be the first-line therapy in this situation. Digoxin and morphine may be considered in the management of heart failure, but they should not be used as the initial therapy in this case.

This patient has heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and is on guideline-directed medical therapy. Adding an aldosterone antagonist, such as spironolactone, has been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality in this patient population. A phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor and nitrate may improve symptoms, but they do not have the same proven benefit on outcomes as an aldosterone antagonist. Increasing the dose of diuretic or referring the patient for cardiac resynchronization therapy may be considered, but they should not be the first step in management.

Alcohol abuse is the most common cause of chronic pancreatitis, accounting for about 80% of cases. Gallstones and hereditary genetic mutations are also causes, but less common.

The most common cause of acute mitral regurgitation is papillary muscle dysfunction, which can occur as a result of a myocardial infarction. Rheumatic fever and degenerative changes in the mitral valve can also cause mitral regurgitation, but typically in a chronic form.