Medical Student Finals Question Bank

Pulmonary stenosis produces an ejection systolic murmur. They are usually heard best at the left lower sternal border.

Macular degeneration is a progressive disease of the retina that causes loss of central vision and affects the macula, the part of the eye responsible for sharp, detailed vision. It is a common cause of vision loss in the elderly and is often painless.

Vagal manoeuvres are the initial management for haemodynamically stable supraventricular tachycardia.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) produces demyelination in the central nervous system, including the spinal cord. The presence of oligoclonal bands in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is highly suggestive of MS, as it indicates the presence of an immune response within the central nervous system.

The patient's presentation of palpitations and lightheadedness along with their ECG findings of an irregularly irregular rhythm with a rate of 150 bpm, narrow QRS complex and the absence of visible P waves are consistent with atrial fibrillation. The absence of visible P waves is a characteristic of atrial fibrillation. The QRS complex being narrow also supports this diagnosis.

Minimal change disease is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children, and the cause is often idiopathic.

Wellen's syndrome is a variant of unstable angina characterized by biphasic T waves or T-wave inversion in the praecordial leads with normal cardiac biomarkers. It is highly suggestive of critical stenosis of the left anterior descending artery.

Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder characterized by symptoms such as hearing voices, experiencing hallucinations, and feeling paranoid.

IgA nephropathy, also known as Berger's disease, is caused by the deposition of IgA in the glomeruli, resulting in inflammation and scarring.

A t-test is used to compare the means of two groups, in this case the new drug group and the placebo group. It is appropriate to use an unpaired t-test because the primary outcome measure (reduction in SBP) is continuous and the two groups are independent.

Pansystolic murmurs are caused by mitral regurgitation and tricuspid regurgitation. They are usually heard best at the apex of the heart and can radiate to the axilla.

Epiglottitis is a severe, rapidly progressive inflammation of the epiglottis and surrounding tissues that can cause stridor, hoarseness, and a sore throat. It is a medical emergency and requires prompt treatment. The other options are not typically associated with stridor.

Relative risk is a measure of the association between an exposure (smoking) and an outcome (lung cancer). It is calculated by dividing the incidence of the outcome in the exposed group (smokers) by the incidence in the unexposed group (non-smokers). In this case, the relative risk is 20 / 5 = 4, which means that smokers have a 4 times higher risk of developing lung cancer compared to non-smokers.

The patient's low serum sodium level, low serum osmolality, and decreased blood pressure are consistent with hyponatremia. The examination findings are consistent with hypovolaemia, which goes against SIADH, hypothyroidism and cirrhosis. The high urine osmolality suggests that the patient is maximally concentrating their urine, which is consistent with cerebral salt wasting. Diabetes insipidus produces hypernatremia.

Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, caused by a bacterial or viral infection. It can cause symptoms such as sudden onset of severe headache, neck stiffness, photophobia, and nausea.