Pulmonary stenosis
Pulmonary stenosis refers to abnormal narrowing of the pulmonary valve.
Murmur
Sound: Ejection systolic murmur
Loudest region: Pulmonary area (Left sternal border at 2nd intercostal space)
Accentuation: Inspiration
Ejection systolic murmur
Ejection systolic murmur. Source: University of Michigan Murmur library
Causes
- Congenital heart disease
- Rheumatic fever
- Tetralogy of Fallot
- Carcinoid tumours
Management
Balloon dilatation is offered in cases where right ventricular pressure is >60 mmHg, even if asymptomatic.
Pulmonary Regurgitation
Pulmonary regurgitation refers to leaking of the pulmonary valve during diastole such that blood returns to the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery.
Murmur
Sound: Early diastolic murmur
Loudest region: Pulmonary area (Left sternal border at 2nd intercostal space)
Accentuation: Inspiration
Early diastolic murmur
Early diastolic murmur. Source: University of Michigan Murmur library
Causes
- Congenital valve abnormality
- Pulmonary hypertension
Management
Valve replacement
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