Medical Student Finals Question Bank

Calcific degeneration is the most common cause of aortic stenosis in the elderly population. It is a degenerative process that occurs due to the accumulation of calcium in the aortic valve.

Asthma exacerbation is characterized by bronchospasm and bronchoconstriction which can cause shortness of breath, cough, and chest tightness. The most appropriate first-line therapy for this patient's asthma exacerbation would be bronchodilators which provide quick relief of symptoms by relaxing the bronchial smooth muscle.

Epiglottitis is a severe, rapidly progressive inflammation of the epiglottis and surrounding tissues that can cause stridor, hoarseness, and a sore throat. It is a medical emergency and requires prompt treatment. The other options are not typically associated with stridor.

Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract, that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus, and it causes rectal bleeding, abdominal pain and weight loss. Ulcerative colitis is a similar condition but produces inflammation in the colon continuous and proximal from the rectum.

This patient has heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and is on guideline-directed medical therapy. Adding an aldosterone antagonist, such as spironolactone, has been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality in this patient population. A phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor and nitrate may improve symptoms, but they do not have the same proven benefit on outcomes as an aldosterone antagonist. Increasing the dose of diuretic or referring the patient for cardiac resynchronization therapy may be considered, but they should not be the first step in management.

The patient's symptoms, physical examination findings, and imaging findings are consistent with interstitial lung disease, specifically pulmonary fibrosis. The diffuse hazy opacities on chest x-ray and the diffuse ground glass opacities on CT scan are characteristic of interstitial lung disease. The patient's history of smoking and the presence of clubbing and cyanosis further support this diagnosis.

Pansystolic murmurs are caused by mitral regurgitation and tricuspid regurgitation. They are usually heard best at the apex of the heart and can radiate to the axilla.

The patient's clinical presentation, ECG findings, and risk factors are consistent with anterolateral STEMI. The ECG findings of ST-segment elevation in leads V3-V6 and I and aVL suggests it is in the anterolateral region.

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in adults.

The patient's symptoms of fever, chills, and fatigue, as well as the positive results for anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibodies are indicative of Rheumatoid arthritis.

The most common histological finding in membranous glomerulonephritis is immune complex deposits in the glomerular basement membrane.

The chest x-ray findings of diffuse alveolar infiltrates, along with the patient's symptoms of fever, dry cough, and shortness of breath, are highly suggestive of ARDS.

The patient's symptoms of fever, rash, and joint pain, as well as the positive results for ANA and anti-dsDNA antibodies are indicative of SLE.

Generalized anxiety disorder is a condition characterized by excessive worry and anxiety, difficulty sleeping, muscle tension, and difficulty concentrating. These symptoms are interfering with her daily activities.

The ECG shows sinus tachycardia and ST elevation in leads V2-V4, with reciprocal ST depression in leads I and aVL, which is consistent with an anterior myocardial infarction. Posterior myocardial infarction would show ST depression in leads V1-V3.