Medical Student Finals Question Bank

Vagal manoeuvres are the initial management for haemodynamically stable supraventricular tachycardia.

Parkinson's disease is a chronic progressive disorder characterized by symptoms such as stiffness, slowness of movement, and tremors. Difficulty with balance and coordination are also common symptoms.

Continuous murmurs are heard throughout systole and diastole and are caused by a patent ductus arteriosus. They are usually heard best at the left upper sternal border and can radiate to the back.

Aortic dissection is a life-threatening condition characterized by a tear in the inner lining of the aorta, which can cause blood to flow into the aortic wall, leading to separation of the layers and formation of a false lumen. This can cause chest pain and dyspnea, as well as a widened mediastinum on chest x-ray.

The patient's symptoms of fever, chills, and fatigue, as well as the positive results for anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibodies are indicative of Rheumatoid arthritis.

The patient's euvolemic state, low serum osmolality, and normal serum uric acid suggest that her hyponatremia is likely due to the inappropriate release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in SIADH. Heart failure, cirrhosis and nephrotic syndrome are associated with hypervolemia, while adrenal insufficiency would produce hypovolaemia.

t-test is a statistical test used to compare the means of two groups, either independent or paired. It's used to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of two groups.

Relative risk is a measure of the association between an exposure (smoking) and an outcome (lung cancer). It is calculated by dividing the incidence of the outcome in the exposed group (smokers) by the incidence in the unexposed group (non-smokers). In this case, the relative risk is 20 / 5 = 4, which means that smokers have a 4 times higher risk of developing lung cancer compared to non-smokers.

This patient has heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and is on guideline-directed medical therapy. Adding an aldosterone antagonist, such as spironolactone, has been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality in this patient population. A phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor and nitrate may improve symptoms, but they do not have the same proven benefit on outcomes as an aldosterone antagonist. Increasing the dose of diuretic or referring the patient for cardiac resynchronization therapy may be considered, but they should not be the first step in management.

Hyperthyroidism is characterized by low TSH and high FT4 and FT3 levels. The low thyroglobulin levels, which should be elevated in hyperthyroidism, suggest that the patient is taking exogenous thyroxine.

Macular degeneration is a progressive disease of the retina that causes loss of central vision and affects the macula, the part of the eye responsible for sharp, detailed vision. It is a common cause of vision loss in the elderly and is often painless.

The patient has heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and is not responding to optimal medical management. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is a management option for patients with heart failure and a wide QRS complex on ECG. CRT uses a biventricular pacemaker to synchronize the contraction of the left and right ventricles, which can improve ejection fraction and reduce symptoms of heart failure.

The ulnar nerve is responsible for innervating the muscles of the hand and providing sensation to the little finger and ring finger. Numbness and tingling in the little finger and ring finger is most likely caused by a lesion or injury to the ulnar nerve.

Alcohol abuse is the most common cause of chronic pancreatitis, accounting for about 80% of cases. Gallstones and hereditary genetic mutations are also causes, but less common.

The patient's symptoms of chest pain and shortness of breath, as well as the ST elevation seen in leads V1-V4 on the ECG, and elevated cardiac enzymes (troponin) are indicative of an anterior ST-elevation myocardial infarction.